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Terminology used in the literature.
| spelling | s | z | sz | ż, rz | ś, si | ź, zi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pronunciation | s | z | ʃ / š | ʒ / ž | ɕ / ś | ʑ / ź |
| 1 | dental (zębowe) | alveolar (dziąsłowe) | post-alveolar (zadziąsłowe) | |||
| 2 | syczące (hissing) | szumiące (rustling) | ciszące (hushing) | |||
| 3 | zębowe dorsalne z wąską szczeliną (dental dorsal with narrow opening) | dziąsłowe koronalne z szeroką szczeliną (alveolar coronal with wide opening) | zazębowe palatalne (post-dental palatal) | |||
| 4 | dental non-palatal (zębowe niepalatalne) | prepalatal non-palatal (przedpalatalne niepalatalne) | prepalatal palatal (przedpalatalne palatalne) | |||
| 5 | strident, nondistributed, dental/alveolar, coronal, anterior, nonhigh | strident, nondistributed, postalveolar, coronal, nonanterior, nonhigh | strident, distributed, alveolo-palatal, coronal, nonanterior, high | |||
| 6 | płaskie, szerokie, przedniojęzykowe (flat, wide, fore-tongued) | płaskie, szerokie, apikalne (flat, wide, apical) | wysokie, wąskie, przedniojęzykowe (high, narrow, fore-tongued) | |||
| 7 | przedniojęzykowo-zębowe, apikalno-dentalne (apical-dental) | przedniojęzykowo-dziąsłowe, predorsalno-alweolarne (praedorsal-alveolar) | palatalne właściwe, mediopalatalne (proper palatal, mediopalatal) | |||
| 8 | przedniojęzykowe zębowe (fore-tongued dental) | przedniojęzykowe dziąsłowe (fore-tongued alveolar) | średniojęzykowe, środkowojęzykowe, środkowojęzykowo- twardopodniebienne (middle-tongued = middle-tongued-duropalatal) | |||
| 9 | ||||||
| 10 | ||||||
| 11 | ||||||
| 12 | ||||||
| 13 | ||||||
| 14 | ||||||
Notices:
Rubach (5) compares Polish and English sounds. The English ones are described as it follows:
Strutyński (7) describes the following allophones of Polish sibilants:
The postdental consonants are present e.g. in sinus, zin, while the postalveolar consonants in Sziwa, Żiwago.
In the work of Puppel et al. (1), you can read as follows
/s/ and /z/ (p. 149)
“The friction occurs in a very narrow opening produced between the blade of the tongue and the dental-alveolar region. During articulation, the blade has a narrow groove or channel formed down its centre”.
/š/ and /ž/ (p. 157)
“The narrowing is made by the tip of the tongue and the blade of the tongue, and the alveolar ridge. The narrowing, as compared with that for /s/ and /z/, is a bit more open”.
/ś/ and /ź/ (p. 165)
“The sounds are produced with the body of the tongue in the front position. The tongue is tense and the lips are spread. The air escapes through a very narrow channel made between the post-alveolar region of the palate and the middle of the tongue”.
Final note:
The main difference between /s/ and /š/ is in the width of their openings – the /s/ has the narrow opening while the /š/ has the wide one. There are also secondary differences: /s/ is mainly dental while /š/ is mainly alveolar, and according to the terminology of Dłuska, /s/ is dorsal while /š/ is more coronal (but not retroflex) – here we can say about a spoon-like shape of the tongue. Many newer sources term /s/ (and /ś/) laminal while /š/ apical (but not subapical). But the phonemes are recognized by Polish speakers by their acoustic features (hissing – rustling) which depend on the width of their openings.
Bibliography:
2011-04-27